The Use Of Thimerosal And Its Effects On The World Health...

Thimerosal is a mercury containing organ mercurial that is found in many vaccines. In 1999, concerns from parents and health administrations were raised on the theory that vaccinating children under the age of two would cause autism. By 2001, thimerosal was taken out of all childhood vaccines in the United States, with the exception of various flu vaccines, in regard to these concerns and merely as a safety precaution. However, there has proven to be no link between autism and vaccines containing thimerosal through various scientific studies by officials. In order to comprehend why there are certain chemicals in vaccines, it is important to understand their properties. In the case of thimerosal, a common misconception is that because it†¦show more content†¦The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s â€Å"Thimerosal in Vaccines† explains its use; â€Å"thimerosal is added to vials of vaccine that contain more than one dose to prevent growth of germs, like bacteria and fungi† (CDC). When we have our children vaccinated, we want to take every precaution to make sure the substance is clean and sterile. Thimerosal is the most capable to keep diseases and illnesses from being passed on by syringes. Though it is not apparent in all childhood vaccines, it is in a few flu vaccines and is relatively safe. Also, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, thimerosal meets the United States Pharmacopeia requirements considering it kills specified organisms and prevents the growth of fungi (FDA, U.S. Pha rmacopeia 2004). ASD stands for Autism Spectrum Disorder and parents believed that young infants and toddlers were vulnerable to thimerosal and would ultimately suffer from ASD. In the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s â€Å"Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism,† research was done on children under the age of two to locate any connection between vaccines and autism in 2013. They state in their study they looked at the number of antigens from vaccines in the ages of children ranging between birth and two years of age. The results showed that the total amount of antigen from vaccines received in children with or without ASD were the same (CDC). This case study proved that allShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Vaccines1746 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines have become an important health intervention throughout the years. A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be given by the nose or the mouth. The word vaccines comes from a disease that occurred ages ago named cowpox that affected cows. The word vaccines derives from the latin word â€Å"vacca† meaning cow. Vaccines cause immunization, a process by which a person becomes protected from a certain disease through the presence of antibodies in the human body. AntibodiesRead MoreThe Anti Vaccine Movement And The Vaccine1620 Words   |  7 Pagesas her son received the MMR shot she noticed a change (Offit, 2011). She has since then become one of America’s most recognized anti-vaccine activists. Similarly, J. B. Handley, a venture capitalist, believes that his son’s autism was caused by thimerosal in vaccines. He started Generation Rescue, which aimed to publicize mercury poisoning and autism. Many other famous individuals claim that vaccines are unsafe including Jessica Alba, Cindy Crawford, Matthew McConaughey, and Jim Carry. Even afterRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Vaccination1417 Words   |  6 PagesImagine a world ravaged by disease and death. It started with one person in a remote village in Africa or Asia. Slowly the disease spread throughout the village infecting hundreds. Soon the outbreak jumps to neighboring villages and eventually towns. Thousands begin to become infected and death is not far away. As the disease starts to spread from town to city to country to continent millions begin to die. The disease is tearing through the globe causing an epidemic and wiping millions out. The diseaseRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Vaccination1405 Words   |  6 PagesImagine a world ravaged by disease and death. It started with one person in a remote village in Africa or Asia. Slowly the disease spread throughout the village infecting hundreds. Soon the outbreak jumps to neighboring villages and eventually towns. Thousands begin to become infected and death is not far away. As the disease starts to spread from town to city to country to continent millions begin to die . The disease is tearing through the globe, causing an epidemic and wiping out millions. Health officialsRead MoreThe Opposing Viewpoints Of The Vaccination Of Children1097 Words   |  5 Pagesand Prevention, or CDC, works alongside public and private health agencies and organizations to maintain a high standard of safety when developing and administering these vaccines. Many other influential medical organizations also stand behind vaccines, including the American Medical Association (AMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the World Health Organization (WHO), in addition to a long list of others. The US Department of Health and Human Services was quoted as saying, Vaccines are someRead MoreThe Media And Health And Safety Of The Worlds Population1738 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, the advances in science have increased the health and safety of the world’s population. Through the introduction of vaccines, medicines, and other medical equipment, the scientific world has prevented the spread of diseases, the possibility of an epidemic, and another devastating pandemic in history like the black plague. Although vaccines provide a resistance to diseases, many people question the safety of them. There is a famous theory that vaccines cause autism due to the chemicalsRead MoreShould We Make Medical Decisions For Children?1490 Words   |  6 PagesChildren all over the world are being punished by parents who refuse to vaccinate them. They are being punished by diseases such as Polio, Rubella, and Measles. These diseases are the cause of millions of children throughout time being maimed, crippled, and killed. Diseases such as these have no place in the modern world where they are easily preventable. There are a few health risks with vaccinations, but there are health risks with everything we do. The chemicals in vaccines can look scary andRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Vaccine1341 Words   |  6 Pagesimmunizations. People who do not receive their vaccinations are one of the main causes of disease outbreaks. In 1994, over two million kids died from whooping cough, measles, neonatal tetanus-all of which had vaccines to treat the disease (Public Health Report). According to the New York Times, â€Å"the United States had about 30,000 diphtheria cases a year, and 3,000 of those succumbed to the disease as gray membranes formed in their airways and eventually choked them to death back in the 1930s.† (Donald)Read MoreVaccination, Center For Disease Control, World Health Organization2861 Words   |  12 PagesThis paper tries to make the reader believe that vaccinations are safe to use as well as a crucial part of keeping people safe from disease. This paper cites a variety of online sources, such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Recent outbreaks, such as the measles outbreak in Europe, are examined and put into the context of a lacking vaccina tion rate. Additionally, the benefits of vaccinating, such as protection from harmful diseases, the eradicationRead MoreWhy Parents Do Not Vaccinate Their Children2085 Words   |  9 Pagespediatricians and researchers at Kaiser Permanente’s Institute for Health Research in Denver, there are three reoccurring reasons (2011). Firstly, many of the vaccine preventable diseases are not common in the United States anymore leading parents to believe that their children are not at risk for them (Daley Glanz, 2011). Secondly, many parents do not believe that most vaccine-preventable diseases are very serious or dangerous to their child’s health (Daley Glanz, 2011). Lastly, a great majority of anti-vaccination

Ethics Of The Code Of Silence - 2111 Words

M E M O R A N D U M TO: Mayor Russ Pomrenke City of Justice, Georgia FROM: Chief Josh Erwin #1553 Justice Police Department DATE: March 19, 2016 RE: Ethical Update Plan of Action Dear Mayor Russ Pomrenke this memorandum was written to address a growing issue which has manifested itself within the Justice Police Department. The issue I am referring to is known as the â€Å"Code of Silence† and it has the potential to be the demise of the entire Justice Police Department. The â€Å"Code of Silence† refers to a phenomenon which occurs not only in our police department, but in all police departments. The â€Å"code of silence† is the loyalty between officers which prevents the officers from revealing any misconduct from other officers.†¦show more content†¦This will require an entire reformation of the Justice Police Department as a whole starting from the recruitment phase all the way to the policies and procedures in place in my office. I have collected data from many other agencies and studies and have compiled a list of standards which need to be reviewed and potentially implemented. The new standards are as follows: -Chief Administrator Actions Checklist 1.) All formal leaders are required to speak with those who directly report to them about integrity, loyalty, and the code of silence. Currently, most employees have never hand anyone to speak with them regarding integrity and the code of silence. This is a necessary change because if the issue is actually addressed by someone (a supervisor) then the officer will more likely speak out. Once the issue is addressed, it makes it much easier for the officer to speak about the matter because they may not feel as if they are going out of their way to call someone out but instead a supervisor is coming to them and asking regularly. 2.) The chief administrator becomes directly involved in the quality of background investigations by meeting with those who conduct backgrounds to ensure that they have completed background investigation seminar, are being given sufficient resources, understand how serious

Social Justice in India free essay sample

An Inquiry into the Conditions of Social Justice in India [Note: 1 . This study of Justice concentrates on conditions of social Justice in India and will not include general issues of criminal Justice; the proposal refers mainly to social justice and popular ideas of Justice, as linked to, but distinct from rights. 2. This proposal is built on the insights drawn from the previous research programme on autonomy, and thus while this is a new proposal it is also a follow up on the earlier exercise. Similar to the preceding one, it has research, publications, and dialogue segments. 3. The current research plan has developed through a series of onsultations; its enunciation here is thus a product of the dialogic approach of our research work. 4. This statement is divided into three sections (a) Description of the theme, and its context; (b) approach of the study; (c) activities proposed ] A. The Context and the Theme of Social Justice 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Social Justice in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though the theme of Justice has occupied a high ground in philosophical discussions since the beginning of political philosophy, yet in terms of democracy and popular politics its exact meaning and implications have been nebulous, one of the reasons being the fact that Justice in reality is a meeting ground of many ideas, ituations, concepts, expectations, mechanisms, and practices. Many things intersect to form the context of social Justice ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claims, and the pattern of collective claim making politics, institutional issues relating to the delivery mechanisms of Justice, ideas about rights and entitlements, ideas among the citizens about responsibility of the rulers towards them, plus many situations generating many conditions of Justice. All these make the social context of Justice, also the social form and social site of Justice. By social Justice we therefore indicate as a beginning: (i) social context of Justice, (it) social content of justice, and (iii) social sites of Justice. We also indicate that as social, there can be many contexts, contents, and sites. 2. The point of plurality made in the last sentence is significant, because notions and ideas, claims and practices, and mechanisms of Justice have depended on varying situations. Thus we can witness various forms of social Justice in reality social claim as Justice, attainment and restoration of dignity as Justice, end to discrimination as ustice, retribution as Justice, conciliation of claims as Justice, social idea of minimal justice, positive discrimination as Justice, protection of the vulnerable sections of society as Justice, and finally autonomy as Justice. Social Justice can and does have strong gender implications. 3. Situations of marginality produce ideas of Justice. Lack of access to means of representation / resources / survival means such as education, health, etc. produces marginality. Similarly displacement creates marginal situations. Likewise minority status engenders marginal existence. Hereditary discriminations have the same ffect. Gender has the same role. These marginal situations have one thing in common they speak of power matrix. And they produce specific calls for Justice. Different marginalities generate different expectations and forms of Justice thus gender Justice, Justice for the indigenous people, Justice for those denied of dignity death or for people living below poverty line all of which mean Justice for those who cannot access the mechanisms for Justice. The thing to note here is that while constitution has provisions of Justice in its various articles and clauses, unlike in the ase of rights Justice does not have a compact formulation, even though the Preamble and earlier the Objectives Resolutions of the Constituent Assembly had justice as one of the founding provisions. 4. One of the implications of this manifold context is that while the issue of Justice is studied only or mostly closely in terms of governance, its delivery mechanisms, and the various governmental forms of Justice, social Justice as distinct and as the other of governmental Justice emerges as a distinct category of social reality to be inquired and appreciated in its ow n right. Such a study will have to concentrate on the forms f social Justice indicated above, the impact of public interest litigation as an avenue of ensuring social Justice and as a process contributing to the idea of social Justice, the Justiciability of social Justice, and the significance of the particular relation between rights, capabilities, claims, and law in terms of the idea of social Justice equally significantly, in terms of making this idea a reality. Finally, the significance of this has to be sought in the realisation of the notion of responsibility responsibility of the State, its various organs, various governmental institutions, and their national nd international commitments to provide Justice. In sum, the context of the research can be summed up as one that provides the background to the interrelation between Justice and society. 5. Given the significance of the idea of Justice in the Indian national movement and in its associated ideas and thoughts, and the wide demand for Justice from each of the underprivileged sections of the Indian society today, and the recurring incidents of communities assuming the responsibility of delivering direct Justice in the background of perceived delays and determining their own norms of Justice, the proposed inquiry assumes significance. During the national movement there were several articulations of the idea of Justice; similarly in the constituent assembly proceedings competing and complementary ideas of Justice emerged. Likewise in the writings of several thinkers Justice has been discussed from various angles. Apart from intellectual, theoretical, and literary exercises, other discursive and institutional exercises have been marked by popular thoughts and ideas. Various manifestos, leaflets, pamphlets, popular writings, sketches, songs, newspaper articles, speeches, etc. have been the other sites where ideas of Justice at the popular level have been rticulated. 6. Social Justice is an arena only partly covered by law; rest is covered by social and political ideas and practices. Ethical ideas about honour, right, respect, autonomy, claim, share, revenge, and shame also play significant role in determining mores of justice. A sense of entitlements also has a role to play. Justice thus propels variety of forms from social-economic rights, to the forms of Justiciability, forms of redistribution of wealth, the form of due process, subjective experiences of Justice, and as distinct from these experiences the objective tests of Justice. In this context ne has to note the parts played by social movements and social mobilisations in determining the popular concepts of Justice. . One can already sense in the preceding description of the theme of inquiry the approach likely to underlie the proposed programme References have been made already to the historical milieu of nationalist ideas, communitarian ideas, and the constituent assembly deliberations. We need to recall in this context that in colonial India, the idea of social Justice had formed the core of a politic al movement, as in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra; and after an interregnum Justice again became the ore element of many movements and formations. Since mid 70s and early 80s of the last century one can observe in the country a significant trend in governance and the social and economic (SE) rights scenario in India. It was during this time that the government started shifting its focus from political declarations on civil and political rights to programmes, policies, legislations and Acts for delivering basic services to its citizens. In a way it began with 20-point programme of the Government in the mid-70s. At the same time due to a crisis in legitimacy of the state following the Emergency (1975-77), a host of peoples movements sprang up across the country demanding rights from the state, at the same time devising alternative models for ensuring basic services. We also began witnessing from that time the ideas and practices of committed administration, known by the phrase developmental bureaucracy, and committed Judiciary, that is to say a Judiciary, whose premise is valuing ideals of social Justice. Judicial activism too emerged in that context. This historical context provides the ground for research into the process by which Justice as a social and political programme took concrete shape in the country. This historical context has also propelled citizens bodies, and peoples movements to take stock of the condition of rights, and launch campaigns at all levels to demand the right for sustainable livelihood, which includes issues of access to food, clothing, and housing and extends to the right to a dignified life with access over utilisation and control of resources. These campaigns have become significant in making the SE rights of the people a crucial item in public agenda of social Justice, and in the emergence of public demand for transparency, accountability and efficiency from the tates and direct participation of society in matters of governance. Instances of the profound expression of such campaigns, which have resulted in legislations at state and national levels on various issues are not lacking. They have raised the level of legal arguments, Judicial awareness, and the quality of constitutionalism including constitutional interpretations. All in all, an inquiry into conditions of Justice will require an investigation of the historical milieu. 2. The social Justice scenario is to be investigated in the context of two streams of entitlements: (a) sustainable livelihood, which means access to adequate means of iving, such as shelter, clothing, food, access to developmental means, employment; education, health, and resources; (b) social and political participation (enabling or empowering means), which is built on the guarantee of fundamental rights, and promotion and empowerment of the right to participation in the government, and access to all available means of Justice, and on the basis of which Justice as a political programme becomes a viable reality. We require therefore a study based on select illustrations of various issues relating to government policies on topics such as: a) the right to food and water; (b) housing, which includes resettlement and healthcare, (e) right to work, and (f) access to information and the right to communication. In short, one of the important ways in which the inquiry will proceed will be through taking stock of various forms that have occasioned the articulation of ideas of social Justice. 3. The all-important question however will be how are we to make sense of different notions and realities of Justice, which we have already noted? Governmental Justice consists of various welfare schemes, law, legal literacy, administrative forms of rbitration such as tribunals, boards, courts, public interest litigation, new legal education, plus the constitutional idea of protection of weaker sections of the society and introduction of positive discrimination. But this dominant governmental form cannot satisfy the requirements expressed in other forms of Justice, indicated above. The inquiry conducted through historical investigations into conditions of social justice, and select case studies, has to provide us an answer as to: What constitutes a just society or Just social relations? Or, how can people having conflicting interests nd values agree on principles of Justice? What constitutes in the main the world of social Justice in India? Where and how do the social-Justice-talks feature in Indian political and social discourse? People talk of lack of or inadequate access to legal justice; dalits talk of social Justice against the backdrop of discrimination, caste society and social and govt. nterventions; activists talk about how the peoples notion of social Justice is often trumped by economic rationality and growth and other powerful interest associated with them; women activists also talk about Justice in the ontext of discrimination, patriarchy and so on. For the sake of clarity then we can say that the project will be about critically examining the ways people/groups encompassing different contexts use the language of social Justice to advance their interests, to critique and to promote their values, and advance their claims in the context of their respective notions of what constitute injustices. . Thus, the inquiry will be conducted keeping its eyes on the various uses of the social Justice language in India; its multiple contexts, its myriad invocations and its varied renditions. One might say the ways in which people/groups/ activists use the social Justice language may not be coherent; may not even pass the standard set by political philosophers. But a critical examination of these usages will do an important job. As a result of the work, these discourses can become the elements of a new theoretical explanation of the dynamics of Justice and critique the existing ones. We can term thus the approach of the proposed study as part ethnographic, if it is part historical, part analytical. 5. In its analytic dimension, the study will remember that in its present form legal heory views liberty bearing provisions of a countrys basic text as negative rights, that is they do not require state resources; the actual obligation of the state is not to do something, i. e. not to subject an individual to torture or not to carry out arbitrary arrests. On the other hand, Justice bearing provisions are viewed as positive, require state resources since they are seen as obligations to do something, e. g. to provide free primary or secondary education or health care facilities. Presented in this manner, it is easy to see why states have been more receptive to implementing iberty-bearing provisions and why today the public attention is increasingly on a set are seen as benefits given by the state. They are also viewed as aspirations that the state would one day like to fulfil through a process of progressive realisation. The growing public opinion is however quite different from this perception. Justice in popular politics is seen as the congealed form of entitlements, and as a set of provisions inextricably linked to differential notions of rights and responsibilities, Since most of the governmental responses to these urgings for Justice have been uch more through executive policies, rather than through fundamental recognition of entitlements, the problem is that most of these policies operate in an ad-hoc basis. The government assumes that it knows about how to provide welfare, but ignores the fact that a welfare approach in order to be successful has to based on a consensus on the notion of Justice rather than be based on the benevolence of a mai-baap sarkar (benefactor government). The analytic dimension in this inquiry therefore has to take stock of public interest litigations in recent years fought on the terrain of justice. The process of analysing the legal dynamics of social Justice should include a study of various approaches undertaken by the government from time to time in guaranteeing Justice the welfare approach, equity in development approach, efficiency approach, empowerment approach, and the entitlements-approach. The attempt should be to find out how much these approaches have mixed with each other in activist, Juridical, and governmental discourses over the years, and have contributed to the development of the idea of Justice, which are marked by notions of (i) non-negotiability of Justice-centric provisions, (it) non-derogability of these rovisions, (iii) accommodation and harmonisation of various popular interests and claims on the basis of fairness, compensation, guarantee, Joint custodianship, and differential needs. 6. In sum, the approach of the inquiry will be part historical, part ethnographic, and part analytic. The purpose is composite consisting of the following aims: The inquiry will enormously enrich our ideas of responsibility, rights, entitlements, and claims, It will give an idea of the index of of social Justice in the light of rights and entitlements; The role of popular politics and the extent of articipation of the peoples organisations in programme and implementation of the welfare schemes towards ensuring provisions of social Justice; Debate between rights versus welfare based approaches to development; Shift in the governance agenda towards policies and programmes rather than enacting legislations, which would bestow rights on citizens; Impact of womens awareness on the Justice discourse in India; Similarly, the impact of the awareness about various marginal situations in a democracy which call for differential notions, dynamics, and institutional operations of Justice; Ђ The close relation between the idea of Justice and the political issue of the delivery mechanisms of Ju stice; An investigation into the twin reality Justice as a strong idea in politics and Justice as practice; And therefore an investigation into two forms of social Justice Justice as a function of government, that is to say, governmental form of Justice, and Justice as a product of dialogues in contested and differential situations, that is to say, dialogic Justice. C. Activities Proposed 1 . The programme will have two segments (a) research (b) dialogues. The research . The research will produce a series of status reports on Justice, and a comprehensive volume. The volume will be based on study papers based on the researches on the following themes: a. Historical investigation into the development of the idea of Justice as a fundamental element of popular politics in the colonial time, and different intellectual discourses on Justice b. Historical investigation into the succeeding constitutional deliberations on Justice c. Ethnographies of Justice I (dalits and Justice) d. Ethnographies of Justice II (indigenous people and Justice) e. Ethnographies of ustice Ill (survival rights, property notions, and Justice) f. Ethnographies of Justice IV (women and Justice) g. Justice as legal activity a review of the history of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) h. The literary site of Justice i. Justice and injustice: who are the victims and how do they perceive? J. Social justice in form of two binaries legalities and illegalities; and governmental Justice and dialogic Justice The volume will throw light on how the idea of Justice has played its part in refashioning democratic politics its relation to the popular discourse on rights, welfare, and law. . Since the study agenda as proposed here is strongly perched on an appreciation of differential circumstances and the marginalities producing the most immanent forms of Justice, a dialogue programme on the basis of the appreciation of differences and marginalities becomes an essential part of the study agenda. Such dialogue would include conversations with and among different actors in the arena of social Justice process who are marginally situated in the world of formal politics and governance, or are actors in propelling the idea of Justice as a political programme, or are critical n shaping a new politico-juridical discourse on Justice. As has always been the CRG practice, research will be combined with dialogue, will gather strength from the latter, and must go back in terms of its inputs to the dialogic partners. This was done in the preceding programme on autonomy; it is proposed that study and dialogue will be combined again. This dialogue will focus on social movements. Thus dalit activists, activists of social Justice, lawyers, sub-divisional and tehsil-level Judges, gender rights activists, people involved in water sharing movements and other nvironmental movements will become the dialogue partners. Similarly decentralisation and Justice will become another significant theme and site for dialogue. Dialogue with victims of injustice can become one of the most significant occasions for dialogue on Justice. Dialogues on Justice A series of three dialogues on Justice was carried out by the Calcutta Research Group (CRG), in 2006 where about seventy people took part from diverse backgrounds. These dialogues were combined with public lectures in Kolkata and Darjeeling. These dialogues are also part of the CRGs research programme on social Justice in India. They have immensely contributed to the collective knowledge on the state of social justice in the country, thrown up new ideas and questions, and have shed light on how collective struggles for Justice go on in this country with or without the help of law. At a fundamental level, they have been instrumental in clarifying various notions restitution, or rights and Justice. These dialogues have also helped us in gaining knowledge about various repositories of archival material on Justice, such as popular tracts, manifestos, legal materials, other popular writings, political declarations, and eportages that tell us lot about various perceptions on Justice. Dialogue has been an integral part of the research design of CRG. Our colleagues from various institutions participating in these discussions reinforced our belief and emphasis on this procedure. To say the least, no amount of scholarly paper presentation in seminars or philosophical treatise would have clarified the plural character of Justice, the historically predicated nature of it, or its contentious character, as these dialogues have done. Our fear is that we may not have been able to do Justice to the richness of the discussions on the three occasions. Several institutions came forward to assist us in holding these three dialogues: the Ford Foundation, the Lok Niti Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, the European Union and the International IDEA. The first dialogue was held in Kolkata on 5 June 2006 on the theme of Conditions of Social Justice in India. One of the aims in convening the dialogue in Kolkata was to take note of the two trends in the literature on social Justice. Of these two, one consists of existing writings focused on formulating or analyzing some normative principles of Justice, which states and other delivering agencies ought to follow in ourse of their administrative and welfare actions. The second trend is made up of ethnographic researches, which concentrate on how people negotiate their ways through different systems of Justice customary or modern existing in society, and make their own meanings of Justice. The highlights of this of this dialogue was Identifying themes and case studies with special reference to West Bengal and eastern India, and developing an appropriate research design; understanding in this context the complex relationship between theory and ethnography; preparing a comprehensive, annotated bibliography that will include a list of texts of relevant olicies, enactments, public interest litigations and relevant legal decisions, parliamentary and legislative assembly debates and material relating to popular demands for Justice, and popular tracts on Justice and finally, identifying the institutional locations, resources and individual researches in the country particularly in West Bengal and eastern India. The second dialogue was An inquiry into the Conditions of Social Justice in India and was held in Darjeeling, on 26-28 June 2006. Continuing from where the Kolkata deliberations left, it was once again noted that situations of marginality produce deas of Justice. Lack of access to means of representation/resources/ survival means such as education, health, etc. produces marginality. Similarly displacement creates marginal situations. Likewise minority status engenders marginal existence. Hereditary discriminations have the same effect. Gender has the same role. These marginal situations have one thing in common they speak of power matrix. Many things intersect to form the context of social Justice ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claims, and the pattern of collective claim making politics, nstitutional issues relating to the delivery mechanisms of Justice, ideas about rights we therefore indicate as a beginning: (i) social context of Justice, social content of justice, and (iii) social sites of Justice. The third dialogue took place in Bhubaneswar, on the specific theme of Justice and Democracy in Divided Societies. It was held on 20-22 November 2006. The main objectives of the dialogue in this context were: To explore the dynamics of social divisions in contemporary South Asian societies compounded by governmental operations, which transform divisions into marginalities; To propose a possible genda of social Justice in the context of divided societies an agenda that bases itself on marginalities and can address therefore the issues of Justice in a new way; To suggest policy alternatives in terms of their bearing on democracy. The legal fiction of a homogeneous public immune from the operations of power in the society is nowhere more sharply focused than in the writings of Jurgen Habermas, Axel Honneth and their associates. As the legal fiction subsumes governmentally produced social divisions mentioned above, issues of Justice get continuously sidetracked and pushed into the background. In other words, democracies of modern times bring into play a discourse where they produce injustice without being seen as such. Thus, it is not surprising that marginalities, livelihood crises and hunger deaths do not get constituted as public agenda in societies revisited by them. A post-colonial engagement with the issue of democracy helps demystify the fiction, and thus can seek to push democracy beyond the grids of governmentality by teasing out the implications of social divisions for issues of Justice and bring them to bear on the functioning of contemporary democracies in divided societies.

Communication Breakdown free essay sample

Breakdown Deborah Tannen in her essay â€Å"Sex Lies and Conversation† points out the problems in communication between genders. She focuses on conversational styles and on how a person’s expectations of one’s reaction may cause misunderstanding. She emphasizes the importance of something she calls cross cultural communication. Tannen believes that in order to communicate properly with the opposite sex we must learn their culture and adapt to conversation with them. First, Tannen describes the differences in how children socialize. Most of what we know about communication we learned when we were children. When women are little girls, they have best friends, ones we can share our secrets with. When we get a little older and have a relationship with the opposite sex we expect the same kind of communication. Tannen believes the importance is not necessarily the topic but the feeling that you get from conversation and points out ,â€Å"What is important is not the individual subjects that are disclosed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings and impressions† (51). We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Breakdown or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We must learn to socialize with the opposite sex the same way we do with the same sex. If we could learn to connect and have the â€Å"sense of closeness† with the opposite sex we might be able to communicate successfully. Tannen’s research has shown that men socialize differently as boys and â€Å"Since they don’t assume talk is the cement that binds the relationship, men don’t know what kind of talk women want, and they don’t miss it when it isn’t there†(51). Tannen points out that boys learn to communicate in larger groups, often struggling not to be in the subaltern position of the conversation. Men do not like to listen; they like to feel like they are the superior person in the conversation. (51) Communication starts in childhood and what we have learned to expect from conversations. Next, Tannen observes how men and women listen to each other and how this can cause misunderstanding between genders . She feels that there is confusion about what women expect and declares, â€Å"When women talk to each other in a close, comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each other’s sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say† (53). Tannen also talks about listener noise. Women often will say â€Å"mhm† or â€Å"uhuh† and men do not do these things when they talk to each other. Women are looking for that â€Å"listener noise† and if he is silent, she thinks he is ignoring her but on the same token Tannen notes, â€Å"Men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener noise as overreaction or impatience† (53). Body language and conversational habits are causing women to feel like they are being ignored and men to feel as if they are being interrupted. When a woman is having a conversation they expect the listener to â€Å"express agreement† and be supportive of the conversation. Men, on the other hand, feel it is their conversational duty to express other positions in the argument. (53) Learning the importance of building a rapport with the person you are talking to may be another way to have successful conversation with the opposite sex. Finally, Tannen believes that learning how the opposite sex communicates is the key. If we can learn what to expect when communicating with someone then we can learn how to respond. Tannen suggests â€Å" A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross- cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either party†(54). Tannen stresses the importance of telling the other person how you feel about their communication with you and advises,† Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won’t listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women’s relationships† (55). It is really not the male or females fault that we communicate the way we do but it is our fault if we do not speak up and tell them it bothers us. When we are in a relationship with another person we just have to adapt to the way they communicate to make the relationship work. If a woman learns to accept that her husband is not going to communicate with her like her best girlfriend did in her childhood then she can look for other people to hold those types of conversation with. (55) Learning to communicate with the opposite sex involves many different things. Communication is something that is learned in childhood but mostly with the same sex. In order to have a successful relationship with good communication we must understand that men and women have very different body language when communicating and that they do not respond the same. Accepting that there is a difference in the communication of genders and learning to adapt is paramount in relationships. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"Sex, Lies and Conversation. † The Norton Mix. Judy Sieg. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2012. 45-55. Print.

Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study Essay Example

Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study Essay Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study Sir Richard Branson exhibits traits of what could be a transformative leader. This is because he uses an approach that focuses on enhancing the morale and motivation of his workers. A transformative leader usually assumes that his workers are his greatest assets in that they are part of the primary factors of production. Satisfied workers usually deliver high quality services to the customer leading to a chain of events of subsequent customer satisfaction in terms of purchases of goods and services, which are sufficient for the satisfaction of the needs and wants. Richard Branson could be termed as a brand because his image is usually identified by consumers as part of the organisation. He plays a significant role in terms of management and ensuring the high performance of the organisation in the market. His individual image and personality and the organizational image are inseparable in that he aims at promoting his company to the world through his interpersonal skills and management approaches to enhance the competitiveness of his chain of organizations (Kippenberger, 2002). Branson has managed to influence and cultivate interest in his workers in terms of increased performance through issue of motivation and morale. As the owner and manager of his organisation, he takes great interest in the organizational operations and thus is at times involved in direct interactions with workers even in the lowest level of organizational hierarchy. This is vital in that as leader he is able to show the workers concern and understand their challenges. Identification challenges in the workplace on part of the workers by a leader or senior management is vital in that he is able to ensure that such challenges are addressed. This has the potency to result in increased productivity by the employees and thus subsequent increase in revenues and customer satisfaction (Dearlove, 2007). Interactions with the employees across all the levels of the hierarchy is vital in that it has enabled Branson to identify talented individuals who are qualified to assume high roles in hierarchy in the organisation. This also avails him with ideas, which aim at increasing efficiency and productivity in the organisation and thus resulting in costs reductions and increased productivity and competitiveness of his organisation. These traits illustrate that a leader has the skills, which ensure that he is able to identify opportunities, and qualified individuals for enabling the organisation attain its strategic goals and objectives (Dearlove, 2007). Leaders like Branson ensure that their interactions with the employees are aimed at encouraging openness and increasing familiarity. This is a vital approach in that it aims at encouraging sharing of information and ideas, which could be used by the organisation in assuming a position in the market, increasing competitiveness and organizational image in the mainstream media (Raja, Dr. Palanichamy. 2011). Individualized consideration is a main trait exhibited by transformative leaders such a sir Richard Branson. They usually give empathy and support to their followers and allow for open communication with the followers and employees. This allows for communication from lowest levels of hierarchy to the top management such as in Branson’s case to ensure that he is up to date with the operations in the organisation. Such allows for transparency in the organisation, as the highest level of authority is conversant with issues in lower levels of the organisation as well as in the operations of the organisation. This allows the manager to ensure that he is conversant with issues, which might be extremely vital to the operations of the organisation (Dearlove, 2007). The success of Richard Branson and his chain of organizations is attributable to a high level of risk taking. Intellectual stimulation is one of the main traits exhibited by Branson in that leaders with such traits are able to challenge existent assumptions, take high risks as well as soliciting for ideas from the followers or employees. Branson assumes a unique style of leadership in that he makes decisions with the bets interest of the organisation and its employees. Creativity and innovation in Virgin Group has been one of the main drivers of the growth of the organizational chains given the increased competition in a technological advanced business world. Branson encourages individual growth and nurtures talent in his organisation (Raja, Dr. Palanichamy. 2011). This is vital in that he is able to use such talents to gain ideas for growing his organisation to greater heights in the business world. Independence granted by leaders such as Branson is essential in that the followers or employees are able to make decisions in terms of the execution of tasks delegated to them by management. This allows for innovation and creativity to increase productivity in the organisation and thus ensuring increased customer satisfaction from services of products delivered by an organisation (Kippenberger, 2002).. A single style of leadership is insufficient to ensure that the organisation is operated in a professional manner while ensuring aspects such as active participation of the employees, respect for higher authority and encouragement of employees is actualized. Hence, it is vital to use a combination of the various styles of leadership to ensure a multifaceted approach in leading the organisation. The major leadership styles assumed by leaders in modern organizations include authoritarian approaches, transactional leadership, laissez-faire leadership style, which is considered as a â€Å"hands off approach†, could be assumed by Branson in running his groups of organizations (Kippenberger, 2002). An authoritarian approach is essential in that ensures the minimization and eradication of issues of disrespect and lack off observance of a command in the organizational hierarchy. In addition, it also instills a high level of discipline and responsibility as the employees aim at ensuring minimal conflicts or encounters with the higher level of authority because of reduced productivity and poor output in terms of quality of work in the organisation. It could be assumed by Branson in his quest for ensuring that all the employees are able to follow instructions issued and codes of conduct in the organisation. This ensures minimal deviations in operations hence minimal costs of operation as well as reduction in operational costs. A delegative style or approach could also be incorporated in the leadership style assumed by Branson. This approach is essential in that the leader dwells of his authoritative position to issue direction and make decisions in the organisation towards the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives. It provides for issue of tasks based on the view of the leader and ensures that the leader is liable for the outcomes of the various decisions undertaken. Further more laissez-faire leadership style of leadership could also be used selectively by Branson to ensure maximization of benefits from the use of a combined approach of leadership (Maag, Kasermann, 2010). This usually is similar to the delegative approach and entails the issue of tasks, duties and responsibilities to the employees by the leader with little or no direction in terms of execution of such tasks. This approach is used primarily in tasks, which the existent employees are conversant with and are able to execute such tasks and duties with ease (Raja, Dr. Palanichamy. 2011). The employees are usually allowed excessive autonomy in laissez-faire leadership style of leadership. However, the employees are able to request assistance to ensure that the tasks are executed with respect to the instructions provided by the leader or the management. This would ensure reduction of time spent on evaluation of processes, as the employees understand of the expectation in terms of output from the tasks and duties delegated to them by the leader. A combined approach is essential in that it ensures the maximization of benefits such as increased authority, increased productivity and increased innovation and creativity by the employees. If Branson were working on a global project, he would assume a participative approach in terms of leadership. This entails on the encouragement of participation of the various stakeholders in the project to ensure the generation of numerous ideas. In addition, the determination of the decisions would assume a collective approach in that all the stakeholders would possibly be encouraged to give views in the decision-making processes. In addition, he would also delegate tasks to the various individuals to encourage specialization of labor to accrue maximum benefits for eventual success of the project Avolio, Bass, Jung, 1999). Additionally, the project would also necessitate an authoritative style of leadership to ensure adherence to the strict measures such as the period for completion or success provided and goals for eventual completion and success of the project. Furthermore, the interactions with the stakeholders and the employees would provide Branson with an important perspective. An employee perspective is essential in that it usually provides the leader with the much-needed views, which would ensure issues such as reduction of costs accruable from a project (Kippenberger, 2002). Branson exhibits good traits of a leader in that he values his employees and their views. This is because employees are a primary factor of production. Hence, motivation and morale boosting to the employees is essential in that it encourages the participation of the employees in tasks which would ensure that the growth of the organisation. In addition, his ability to ensure equality through the provision of open lines of communication is vital in that it ensures that the employees feel valued. Valued employees aim at ensuring that they conduct tasks similar to individual tasks hence ensuring dedication in execution of tasks, duties and responsibilities delegated to them. Such traits and virtues could be encouraged in institutions and workplace settings. Equality in the workplace ensures that employees are able to increase productivity to achieve their desired levels of merit. This is vital in the workplace in institutional settings to motivate employees and students to work harder as merit is based on hard work and provision of high quality output. In the workplace, individuals accrue higher positions and the respective incomes of such positions based on the merit accrued from their professional qualifications and skills. Hence, employees tend to work harder with the aim of acquiring promotions (Maxwell, 2002). Independence is a vital virtue in the workplace if used with precision and regulation. Independence in the work place ensures increased responsibility and dedication to tasks, duties delegated by the management or in classroom settings, by the instructors. Responsibility is accruable from increased independence in that the employees are able to ensure their decisions and choices are accompanied by specific repercussions. It encourages innovation and creativity, which is one of the greatest assets to any contemporary organisation. Innovation and creativity can assist an organisation in its attainment of strategic goals and objectives such as competitiveness, brand distinction and differentiation, cost reduction and new product development. In conclusion, the approach assumed by Branson could be enforced by authoritative, delegative approaches to ensure that the employees are able to accrue a sense of respect for the management and respective executives. They are also able to accrue a sense of responsibility and relative autonomy. Autonomy is essential in the workplace as it ensures encouragement of innovation and creativity due to the presence of comfort between the employees and the top management. The employees are also encouraged by the presence of a clear line of communication to provide their views as they relate to innovations and creativity. Reference Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M. Jung, D.I. (1999). â€Å"Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor component questionnaire†, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, Pp. 441-462. Dearlove, D. (2007). Business the Richard Branson way. Chichester: Capstone UK Kippenberger, T. (2002). Leadership styles. Oxford, U.K: Capstone Pub. Maag, D. Kasermann, M. (2010). â€Å"Corporate Brand – Personal Brand Virgin Group Ltd. Richard Branson† Presentation in Corporate Brand Management II. IMU Marketing University of Bern, Pp.1-19. Maxwell, J. C. (2002). Leadership 101. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. Raja, A. S. Dr. Palanichamy. P. (2011). â€Å"Leadership Styles and Its Impact on Organizational Commitment† The Journal of Commerce, 3, (4), Pp.1-9.

Learn About the End of the French Revolution

Learn About the End of the French Revolution Almost all historians agree that the French Revolution, that great maelstrom of ideas, politics, and violence, started in 1789 when a gathering of the Estates General turned into a dissolving of the social order and the creation of a new representative body. What they don’t agree on is when the revolution came to an end. While you can find the occasional reference to France still being in the revolutionary era now, most commentators see a difference between the revolution and the imperial rule of Napoleon Bonaparte and the age of wars that bear his name. Which event marks the end of the French Revolution? Take your pick. 1795: The Directory In 1795, with rule by The Terror over, the National Convention designed a new system for governing France. This involved two councils and a ruling body of five directors, known as the Directory. In October 1795, Parisians angry at the state of France, including the idea of the Directory, gathered and marched in protest, but they were repelled by troops guarding strategic areas. This failure was the last time the citizens of Paris appeared able to take charge of the revolution as they had so powerfully done before. It is considered a turning point in the revolution; indeed, some consider it the end. Soon after this, the Directory staged a coup to remove royalists, and their rule for the next four years would be marked by constant vote rigging to stay in power, an action at odds with the dreams of the original revolutionaries. The Directory certainly marked the death of many revolutionary ideals. 1799: The Consulate The military had taken a large role in the changes wrought by the French Revolution before 1799 but never had a general use the army to force change. The Coup of Brumaire, which took place in the later months of 1799, was organized by director and author Sieyà ©s, who decided that the undefeated and feted General Bonaparte would be a tame figure who could use the army to seize power. The coup didn’t run smoothly, but no blood was shed beyond Napoleon’s cheek, and by December 1799 a new government was created. This would be run by three consuls: Napoleon, Sieyà ©s (who had originally wanted Napoleon to be a figurehead and have no power), and a third man called Ducos. The Consulate may be considered the event that marked the end of the French Revolution because it was, technically, a military coup rather than a movement pushed along by the however theoretical will of the people, unlike the earlier revolution. 1802: Napoleon Consul for Life Although power was vested in three consuls, Napoleon soon began to take charge. He won further battles, instituted reforms, started drafting a new series of laws, and raised his influence and profile. In 1802, Sieyà ©s began to criticize the man he had hoped to use as a puppet. The other governmental bodies began to refuse to pass Napoleon’s laws, so he bloodlessly purged them and leveraged his popularity into having himself declared consul for life. This event is sometimes believed to be the end of the revolution because his new position was almost monarchical in its dimensions and certainly represented a break with the careful checks, balances, and elected positions desired by earlier reformers. 1804: Napoleon Becomes Emperor Fresh off more propaganda victories and with his popularity nearly at its zenith, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor of France. The French Republic was over and the French empire had begun. This is perhaps the most obvious date to use as the end of the revolution, for although Napoleon had been building his power since the Consulate. France was transformed into a new form of nation and government, one considered almost opposite to the hopes of many revolutionaries. This wasnt simply pure megalomania by Napoleon because he had to work hard to reconcile the conflicting forces of the revolution and establish a degree of peace. He had to get old monarchists working with revolutionaries and try to get everyone working together under him. In many respects he was successful, knowing how to bribe and coerce to unify much of France, and being surprisingly forgiving. Of course, this was partly based on the glory of conquest. It is possible to claim that the revolution came to an end gradually over the Napoleonic era, rather than any single power-grabbing event or date, but this frustrates people who like crisp answers. 1815: The End of the Napoleonic Wars It’s unusual, but not impossible, to find books that include the Napoleonic Wars alongside the revolution  and consider the two part of the same arc. Napoleon had risen through opportunities afforded by the revolution. His fall in first 1814 and then 1815 saw the return of the French monarchy, clearly a national return to pre-revolutionary times, even if France could not return to that era. However, the monarchy did not last long, rendering this a difficult endpoint for the revolution, as others followed soon.

Michael Porter on Value Based Health Care Delivery Essay

Michael Porter on Value Based Health Care Delivery - Essay Example By value-based, reference is being made to an era where service providers offer best value to patients. It is in the light of this that Plotkin and Orenstein (2004) explained best value to be one that caters for specific medical needs of patients. In the words of Porter however, such best value entails delivery that focuses on specific medical conditions. This opinion held by Porter is certainly supported due to the inputs that he gives as to what constitutes value based health care delivery. From the video, it would be noted that Porter sees value based health care delivery as one that takes into consideration the need for service providers to focus on what they can do best based on their experience so that there can be better outcomes at lower cost. Very often, the problem that service users who are the patients have faced is a healthcare system where every service provider or facility professes to be a master of all trades. With their need to solving every other type of healthcare need, these service providers end up becoming masters of none and therefore giving patients very poor service. As a suggestion to what Porter offers, there should now be a mechanism where service providers will be made to earn anything from their service based on the outcomes